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Neuroprotective effects of lactate in brain ischemia: dependence on anesthetic drugs

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101430

GR converts oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH using NAD(P)H as an electron donor

Advanced actives do not compensate for a weak base formula

Access this article Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations ACC2: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 AhR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AIF: Apoptosis-inducing factor AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase AP-1: Adaptor protein-1 Apaf-1: Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 Apo: Apolipoprotein ASC: Apoptotic speck-like protein containing caspase-1 activation and recruitment domain ATG13: Autophagy-related protein 13 Bad: Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death Bak: Bcl-2-associated X killer Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2 Bcl-x L : B-cell lymphoma-extra large BH3: Bcl-2 homology-3 Bim: BCL-2-interacting mediator of cell death CaMKII: Calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II CAT: Carnitine acetyl transferase CHOP: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein ChREBP: Carbohydrate response element binding protein CoA: Coenzyme A CPT1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor CYP2E1: Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 DAMP: Danger-associated molecular pattern DIABLO: Direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein binding protein with low pi DISC: Death-inducing signaling complex ER: Endoplasmic reticulum Erk: Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase FasL: Fas ligand FIP200: FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa FoxO1: Forkhead box protein O1 FP-1: Ferroportin-1 FFA: Free fatty acid G6P: Glucose-6 phosphatase GK: Glycogen kinase GSK: Glycogen synthase kinase HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma Hh: Hedgehog HJV: Hemojuvelin HSC: Hepatic stellate cell IAP: Inhibitors of apoptosis protein IGF2BP2-2: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA-binding protein-2 I-B: Inhibitor of B IKK: IB kinase IL: Interleukin InsP3R1: Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1 IR: Insulin resistance IRS1/2: Insulin receptor substrates 1/2 JAK: Janus activated kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase LPS: Lipopolysaccharide LXR: Liver X receptor L-PK: Liver-type pyruvate kinase Mcl-1: Myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MEK1: Mitogen activated protein kinase 1 MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NALP3: NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NLR: NOD-like receptor NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4 NF-B: Nuclear factor-B PCK1: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase OS: Oxidative stress PUMA: p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor PEMT: Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PKC: Protein kinase C- PP2A: Protein phosphatase 2A PPAR-: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- PTPRO: Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O ROS: Radical oxygen species SAMe: S-adenosylmethionine SCAP: SREBP-cleavage activating protein SMAC: Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases SOCS: Suppressor of cytokine signaling SREBP-1c: Sterol regulatory binding protein-1c STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 TAK1: TGF- activated kinase-1 TG: Triglyceride TGF-: Transforming growth factor- TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- Ulk1/2: Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1/2 VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein References Angulo P (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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